tekkimers

Travelling Around the World

2008-04-25T04:34:00.000-07:00

Do you ever have a dream to travelling around the world? With recent technology its not imposible to life your dream. Its just need persistence and bravery to start traveling around the world. So many people had proven it, and story about them can you read in their website like fliptophead and mariesworldtour . Hope their story can burn up your desire to make voyage.

Maybe the most obstacle is not have enough money but it's can solve if you can look for sponsor to your travelling. Or you can make trip and work together. If you have blog, it can be source your income cause so many way to earn money with your blog. While travelling you can work too. So don't hesitate to life your dream!.

Check it Before Travelling

2008-04-24T14:28:00.000-07:00

Before travelling, you must check this stuff and dont forget it

Tickets
It's been said that you will DEFINITELY forget your tickets if you place them in a location designed to help you remember not to forget them.

Passport
We suggest keeping it with your tickets at all times.

Extra Socks
You don't want to end up wearing the same pair of socks the entire trip.

Underwear
And yet, people do forget to pack this.

The Right Kind of Shoes
Think ahead. What are you traveling to and what is the purpose of your trip? While sneakers look fine on the plane, you would not want to be stuck wearing them to a business meeting.

Cash
This is especially important if you are traveling overseas. Be sure to carry currency that will be accepted at your travel destination.

Medication
If you are currently taking any prescription medication, we highly recommend that in addition to bringing the medication itself, you also take with a copy of the prescription in case you need to get it refilled while you are traveling.

Important Contact Numbers
Even though you are trying to get away from just about everything, don't leave your address book/planner at home. Should an emergency arise, you will need fast access to the person you need to call at home for help. The last thing that you want to do in an emergency is have to dig up a number.

Toothbrush
You don't want to neglect your teeth. If nothing else, avoid the embarrassment of morning breath by ensuring that you've packed your toothbrush.

I.D. tags on your baggage
This is perhaps one of the most important things. Baggage I.D. tags are required. It is a good idea to place I.D. tags on and in your baggage before you get to the check-in counter. Recognizable tags assist in locating your luggage upon arrival and assists in returns if your luggage is accidentally lost

Dance Therapy

2008-04-18T04:03:00.000-07:00

Several clinical reports suggest that dance therapy helps people accomplish the following:

Develop positive body image
Improve self-concept and self-esteem
Reduce stress, anxiety, and depression
Increase communication skills
Encourage a sense of well-being

For some cancer patients, dance therapy is an effective form of exercise. However, dance therapy has not been studied enough to know if there are any unique health benefits to cancer patients, or to confirm the effects on prevention and/or recovery of illness.

Experts have shown that physical activity is known to increase special neurotransmitter substances in the brain (endorphins), which create a state of well-being. And total body
movement such as dance enhances the functions of other body systems, such as circulatory, respiratory, skeletal, and muscular systems. Dance therapy can help you stay physically fit and enjoy the pleasure of creating rhythmic motions with your body.

There are no known negative side effects of dance therapy. However, dance is a form of exercise. Always consult your physician before beginning any exercise program, especially if you have a chronic condition such as arthritis. Your physician can evaluate whether the physical movements of dance therapy might be harmful to your cardiovascular system, joints, or muscles.

Revenue Sharing

2008-04-16T02:43:00.000-07:00

I have a list of 15 websites (mostly forums) that do revenue sharing, most of them with google adsense.
There is some variation beyond this however. All of them have been verified as revenue sharing websites.

http://forums.digitalpoint.com/

http://www.idnforums.com/

http://www.seoboard.net/

http://fuelspace.com/

http://www.webmastershome.com/

http://www.kingofdollars.com/

http://www.profitgeek.com

http://igottarant.com/

http://forum.yesup.net

http://www.webmaster-talk.com/

http://spicefuse.com

http://www.revenuesource.com/

http://www.iwebtool.com/

http://www.vbnova.com

http://forums.workfromhomespot.com

Leaders of a Movement

2008-03-24T14:22:00.000-07:00

Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle were leaders of a movement that espoused that truth is real and absolute standards exist. They opposed the relativism, skepticism, and individualism found in
sophism, a more radical philosophy of the time that was gaining adherents. Most of our knowledge of sophism comes from Plato, a severe critic, who disparaged the rise in individualism and the power of citizens during the flourishing of democracy in Athens in the middle of the fifth century B.C. As a result, it is not surprising that Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle were all opposed to democracy to varying degrees.

Socrates did not write anything himself, so it is difficult to know precisely what he believed. However, there is evidence he thought poorly democracy and viewed a government comprised of members of the intellectual aristocracy as being the only acceptable form of government. His attachment to aristocrats, one of whom was a traitor during the Peloponnesian War, is believed to be one of the reasons he was condemned to death.

Plato, a pupil of Socrates, wrote extensively. He sought to create a government that would be stable with an absence of strife between bot individuals and classes. He preferred harmony and efficiency over democracy and liberty. He proposed to organize society into three
classes based on how he perceived their innate character. The bottom class included farmers, artisans, and merchants because of their tendency to indulge their baser appetites. The middle class comprised soldiers because of their strong wills and spirits. The members of the uppermost class, because of their reasoning abilities, would be the intellectual aristocracy. The intellectual aristocracy would possess absolute control of political power.

Aristotle rejected the views of Socrates and Plato favoring the aristocracy, considering the best state to be a polity, which he described as being a government situated between an oligarchy and
democracy. He rested political control with the middle class, who he intended to be a sizable portion of the population. He believed government should promote the welfare of its citizens, recommending it provide the poor with financial means to purchase small farms or to
start small businesses. He rejected monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy. He viewed the establishment of governments as being both essential for civilized life and a fundamental characteristic of mankind.

Socrates believed knowledge could best be acquired through the exchange and analysis of opinions until a universal truth could be uncovered. He believed that a universal and unchanging valid knowledge existed and could be found by people through this method. The discovery of these truths would provide a perfect guide to virtuous living. Socrates had little use for the physical world, declaring he could learn nothing from trees and stones.

Plato shared Socrates' belief that knowledge was the path to virtue. However, Plato viewed knowledge derived from physical sensations to be limited and subject to change. Therefore, he believed only the rational mind was useful for comprehending goodness and justice. He
viewed the body as a hindrance to the mind, believing that the body's appetites and emotions should be strictly subordinated to reason. Plato clearly believed in the value of education because under his scheme of government, people would be assigned to one of his three classes based on each individual's ability to gain from receiving an education. The lowest classes would be those who had demonstrated the least intellectual capacity, while the uppermost class would be the
most intelligent and therefore, the most educated.

Aristotle departed from both Plato and Socrates by having considerable regard for the physical world as a source of learning. Although he maintained Plato and Socrates' interest in discovering absolute, unchanging truth, he also was an empirical scientist. His studies included biology, physics, and astronomy. Aristotle clearly believed in the value of education. He wrote even more works than Plato on a wider range of subjects. He served as a student and teacher at Plato's Academy, tutored Alexander the great for seven years, and then organized the Lyceum, a school of his own, which he led until his death.

Don' Forget It

2008-02-24T14:17:00.000-08:00

I have gathered some information about top 10 Things We Always Forget to Pack When We Travel:

Umbrella
Alarm Clock
Phone Numbers
Notebook
Camera
Film
Toothpaste
Toothbrush
Deodorant
Pen

Types of toxic chemicals : Irritant chemicals

2007-08-26T16:20:00.000-07:00

Primary irritants cause inflammation. Inflammation is one of the body’s defence mechanisms. It
is the reaction of a tissue to harm which is insufficient to kill the tissue and is typified by constriction of the small vessels in the affected area, dilation of the blood vessels, increased
permeability of the vessel walls, and migration of the white blood and other defensive cells to the
invading harmful chemical. The aim is to concentrate water and protein in the affected area to
‘dilute’ the effect and wash away the chemical. Production of new cells is speeded up and
contaminated surface cells are shed.
The respiratory system is the main target organ for vapour, gas or mist. Readily-soluble chemicals,
e.g. chlorine or phosgene, attack the upper respiratory tract; less soluble gases, e.g. oxides of
nitrogen, penetrate more deeply into the conducting airways and, in some cases, may cause
pulmonary oedema, often after a time delay.
For example, sulphur dioxide is highly water soluble and tends to be absorbed in the airways
above the larynx. However, in
the presence of particulate catalysts and sunlight, conversion to sulphur trioxide occurs and the
irritant response is much more severe.
Other parts of the body are also vulnerable: the skin and eyes from direct contact/rubbing or
from exposure to airborne material including splashes; the mouth and pharynx by ingestion of
solid or liquid chemicals.
One effect of direct contact of liquid or solid, and less often vapour, with the skin is a contact
irritant dermatitis. Some dusts can also act as primary irritants. Even chemically-inert dusts, e.g.
from glass fibres, can induce a dermatitis due to abrasion; this is made worse if a reactive
chemical, e.g. a synthetic resin binder, is also involved. Examples of primary irritants include
acids; alkalis; defatting compounds, e.g. organic solvents, surfactants; dehydrating agents; oxidizing
agents and reducing agents.

In extreme cases irritant chemicals can have a corrosive action. Corrosive substances can also
attack living tissue (e.g. to cause skin ulceration and, in severe cases, chemical burns with
degradation of biochemicals and charring), kill cells and possibly predispose to secondary bacterial
invasion. Thus whilst acute irritation is a local and reversible response, corrosion is irreversible
cell destruction at the site of the contact. The outcome is influenced by the nature of the compound,
the concentration, duration of exposure, the pH and also, to some extent, by
individual susceptibility etc. Thus dilute mineral acids may be irritant whereas at higher concentrations
they may cause corrosion.

Note that this
includes many primary irritants, such as:
• Chemicals which give strong acid reactions, often on interaction with water, e.g. mineral acids.
Some organic acids can also be corrosive. Phenolics can result in local anaesthesia so that the
pain will be absent for a time, i.e. contact may go unheeded.
• Halogen compounds.
• Acid anhydrides/halides which react with water to form their parent acids.
• Common bases, which render aqueous solutions alkaline.
• Certain oxidizing/reducing compounds and salts which, in the form of solid (bulk or dust) or
as solution, can produce irritation by thermal burns.

Strong acids and alkalis produce effects within moments: e.g. sulphuric and nitric acids quickly
become hydrated by the water content of the skin/mucous membranes and combine with skin
protein to form albuminates, sometimes with charring. Some substances, e.g. certain organotins
or hydrofluoric acid, produce a more delayed reaction. Thus on the skin hydrofluoric acid produces
an effect which varies, depending on concentration and duration of exposure, from mild erythema
to severe burns and intense pain, sometimes delayed by several hours after the initial exposure. A
tough white lump forms over the area of skin damage under which progressive destruction of cell
tissue continues. Burns under the finger nails are notable in this respect because of the difficulties
of treatment. Similarly, inhalation of the vapour can cause corrosion of the respiratory system and
pulmonary oedema. If hydrofluoric acid is swallowed, burns to the mouth and pharynx can occur
with vomiting and ultimate collapse.

Introduction To Toxic chemicals

2007-08-26T16:16:00.000-07:00

Chemicals may be encountered as reactants, solvents, catalysts, inhibitors, as starting materials,
finished products, by-products, contaminants, or off-specification products. They may vary from
pure, single substances to complex proprietary formulations.
Exposures to chemicals may involve solids, liquids, or airborne matter as mists, aerosols,
dusts, fumes (i.e. µm-sized particulates), vapours or gases in any combination. Many situations,
e.g. exposure to welding fumes or to combustion products from fossil fuels, include mixtures both
of chemicals and of physical forms. Quantification of exposure is then difficult.
An exposure to a specific chemical in relatively low concentrations over a period may result
in chronic effects. At higher concentrations, the effects may be acute. Some chemicals produce
local damage at their point of contact with, or entry into, the body; others produce systemic
effects, i.e. they are transported within the body to various organs before exerting an adverse
effect.

The toxicity of a substance is its capacity to cause injury once inside the body. The main modes
of entry into the body by chemicals in industry are inhalation, ingestion and absorption through
the skin. Gases, vapours, mists, dusts, fumes and aerosols can be inhaled and they can also affect
the skin, eyes and mucous membranes. Ingestion is rare although possible as a result of poor
personal hygiene, subconscious hand-to-mouth contact, or accidents. The skin can be affected
directly by contact with the chemicals, even when intact, but its permeability to certain substances
also offers a route into the body.

Ammonia

2007-08-23T15:42:00.000-07:00

Formula; NH3; MW 17.03; tetrahedral planar geometry, H—N—H bond angle107.3°; N—H bond distance 1.016Å; dipole moment of the gas 1.46 x 10–18 esu;a Lewis base.

Occurrence and Uses
Ammonia occurs in nature, being constantly formed by putrefaction of theprotein of dead animals and plants. While some of it is washed away by therain into rivers and oceans where it is recycled and converted into proteins bymicroorganisms, much of it is rapidly absorbed from the earth by living plantsmaking new proteins. Ammonia occurs in urine from which it was producedearlier by chemists and alchemists for use as a soluble base. It occurs in gasliquor obtained from coal gas and producer gas plants and coke ovens. Gasliquor was a major source for producing ammonia before Haber-Bosch processwas developed. Combustion of coal, fuel oil, wood and natural gas, as well asforest fires produce ammonia in small amounts in the range 1 to 10 lb per ton.It occurs in many industrial effluents, wastewaters, and groundwaters attrace concentrations. It is also found at trace levels in varying concentrationsin the air in most metropolitan cities.

The single largest use of ammonia is its direct application as fertilizer, andin the manufacture of ammonium fertilizers that have increased world foodproduction dramatically. Such ammonia-based fertilizers are now the primarysource of nitrogen in farm soils. Ammonia also is used in the manufactureof nitric acid, synthetic fibers, plastics, explosives and miscellaneous ammoniumsalts.

Liquid ammonia is used as a solvent for many inorganic reactionsin non-aqueous phase. Other applications include synthesis of amines andimines; as a fluid for supercritical fluid extraction and chromatography; andas a reference standard in 15N–NMR.

Physical Properties
Colorless gas; pungent suffocating odor; human odor perception 0.5 mg/m3;liquefies by compression at 9.8 atm at 25°C, or without compression at–33.35°C (at 1 atm); solidifies at –77.7°C; critical temperature and pressure,133°C and 112.5 atm, respectively; vapor density 0.59 (air=1); density of liquidammonia 0.677 g/mL at –34°C; dielectric constant at –34°C is about 22;extremely soluble in water; solution alkaline; pKa 9.25 in dilute aqueous solutionat 25°C; the gas does not support ordinary combustion, but burns with ayellow flame when mixed in air at 16—27% composition.AnalysisAmmonia may be readily identified from its odor. It may be measured bytitrimetry. It is absorbed in an excess amount of a standard solution of dilutesulfuric acid and the excess unreacted acid is back titrated against a standardsolution of caustic soda using methyl orange indicator. Alternatively, potentiometrictitration may be used to find the end point. Concentrations at tracelevels in wastewaters, groundwaters, drinking waters, and air may be measuredby various colorimetric techniques or by the ammonia–selective electrodemethod (APHA, AWWA and WEF, 1999. Standard Methods for theExamination of Water and Wastewater, 20th ed. Washington, DC, AmericanPublic Health Association). Ammonia reacts with Nessler reagent under alkalineconditions, forming a yellow color. The intensity of color is measured byspectrophotometer, absorbance being proportional to concentration of ammoniain the solution. Alternatively, it may be analyzed by the indophenol bluemethod. Ammonia reacts with hypochlorite to form monochloramine whichreacts with phenol in the presence of manganous sulfate catalyst to produceblue indophenol (Patnaik, P. 1997. Handbook of Environmental Analysis.Boca Raton, FL, Lewis Publishers). Solutions at high concentrations may beappropriately diluted to measure ammonia within the calibration range in colorimetricand electrode methods.

Hazard
Ammonia causes intense irritation of eyes, nose and respiratory tract whichcan lead to tears, respiratory distress, chest pain, and pulmonary edema. Afew minutes exposure to 3,000 ppm can cause severe blistering of skin, lungedema, and asphyxia which can lead to death (Patnaik, P. 1992. AComprehensive Guide to the Hazardous Properties of Chemical Substances,p. 304. New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold). Contact with liquid ammonia cancause serious blistering and destruction of skin tissues. LC50 inhalation(mouse): 4,200 ppm/hr.Fire or explosion hazard may arise from the following ammonia reactions:Reaction with halogens produces nitrogen trihalides which explode on heating;its mixture with fluorine bursts into flame; reacts with gold, silver, ormercury to form unstable fulminate-type shock-sensitive compounds; similarly,shock-sensitive nitrides are formed when ammonia reacts with sulfur orcertain metal chlorides, such as mercuric, or silver chloride; liquid ammoniareacts violently with alkali metal chlorates and ferricyanides.

Management of Industrial Wastes: Solids, Liquids, and Gases

2007-08-21T16:25:00.001-07:00

Wastes from industries are customarily classifiedas liquid wastes, solid wastes, or air pollutants,and often the three are managed by different people or departments.The three separate categories are regulated by separate and distinct bodies of laws and regulations, and historically, public and governmental emphasis has moved from one category to another fromone time period to another. The fact is, however,that the three categories of wastes areclosely interrelated, both as they impact on theenvironment and as they are generated andmanaged by individual industrial facilities.

Solid wastes disposed of in the ground can influence the quality of groundwater and surface waters by way of leachate entering the groundwater and traveling with it through the ground, then entering a surface water bodywith groundwater recharge. Volatile organics in that recharge water can contaminate the air. Air pollutants can fall out to become surface water or groundwater pollutants, and water pollutants can infiltrate into the ground or volatilize into the air.

Waste treatment processes can also transfersubstances from one of the three waste categoriesto one or both of the others. Air pollutantscan be removed from an air discharge by meansof a water solution scrubber. The waste scrubbersolution must then be managed to enable itto be discarded within compliance with applicablewater regulations. Airborne particulatescan be removed from an air discharge using abag house, thus creating a solid waste to bemanaged. On still a third level, waste treatmentor disposal systems themselves can directlyimpact on the quality of air, water, or ground.Activated sludge aeration tanks are very effectivein causing volatilization of substancesfrom wastewater. Failed landfills can be potentpolluters of both groundwater and surfacewater.

The total spectrum of industrial wastes, then,must be managed as substances resulting froma system of interrelated activities. Materialsbalances must be tracked, and overall costeffectiveness must be kept in focus.

New Biodiesel Plant

2007-08-21T16:24:00.000-07:00

Biodiesel refers to a diesel-equivalent processed fuel derived from biological sources (such as vegetable oils) which can be used in unmodified diesel-engine vehicles. It is thus distinguished from the straight vegetable oils (SVO) or waste vegetable oils (WVO) used as fuels in some diesel vehicles.

Grainet reported on 10 August that Western Dubuque Biodiesel, LLC has started biodiesel production from soybeans or other vegetable oils from their new plant, near Farley, Iowa, US.
The plant produces 30,000 million gallons per year of high quality biodiesel fuel.
According to ISA (Iowa Soybeans Association) the new biodiesel plant will be beneficial to soybeans farmers in Iowa, where Iowa is the largest soybean-producing state in US, with annual production of 500 million bushels. (source plant.info)

Regeneration of Palladium Catalyst

2007-08-21T16:04:00.000-07:00

The scientist at the Indian Institute of Technology has developed a way to recover palladium catalyst fully once the reaction is completed. Recovery, means extracting the palladium from the mixture, is done by placing a small magnet at the bottom of reaction vessel. Then the recovered catalyst is washed once with EtOAc and reused for the next reaction. After ten cycles of reaction, the scientists found no deterioration of the catalyst occurred. Source: http://www.chemistry.org

Research of Depolymerization of Nylon-6 to Caprolactam

2007-08-21T15:57:00.000-07:00

Organic scientists from Yamaguchi University in Ube, Japan, Akira Kamimura and Shigehiro Yamamoto have developed a process that depolymerizes nylon-6 and regenerates caprolactam at intermediate temperature of 300oC.
They found that yield of caprolactam could reach 86%, when placing chips of nylon-6 and small amount of catalyst in an ionic liquids (consist of positively and negatively charged ions) at 300oC.

Currently, thousands of tons of nylon-6, as artificial polymer used in carpets, clothing and car parts, end up in landfills, because incinerating the nylon-6 in mixed trash can create prodigious amount of toxic compounds. To read more about nylon-6 de-polymerization, click this.

Nylon-6 digunakan untuk pembuatan karpet, baju dan bagian dari mobil.

Alcohol by Fermentation

2007-08-19T15:29:00.000-07:00

The name alcohol is a generic name derived from two Arabic words, al and khol,that described a finely ground antimony powder used by Oriental women to darken their eyebrows. The name evolved to indicate a great degree of fineness or purity and gradually became spesific for ethyl alcohol.Alcohols contain the hydroxyl functional group in their structure. They are named systematically by the number of carbons in the chain and a number representing the position of the O-H group.

Alcohol merupakan senyawa organik yang berasal dari unsur karbon, hydrogen dan oksigen. Alcohol adalah turunan senyawa hidrokarbon yang mempunyai gugus hidroksil (-OH). Alcohol yang dimaksud dalam dunia perdagangan adalah etil alcohol atau etanol.
Alcohol dapat digunakan sebagai pelarut, bahan bakar, campuran minuman dan bahan dasar pembuatan eter, etilen, asam asetat dan lain-lain.

Pembuatan alcohol dapat dilakukan secara fermentasi dengan menggunakan yeast jenis Sacharomyces cereviceae. Bahan dasar yang dapat digunakan dalam pembuatan alcohol salah satunya berasal dari tetes, yaitu sisa gula tebu dari pabrik gula yang tidak bisa dikristalkan lagi. Dan bahan pembantu yang digunakan terdiri dari urea, NPK, asam sulfat, superflock dan TRO.
Produksi alkohol dimulai dengan proses pemasakan yang meliputi pengenceran, penambahan asam dan nutrient. Tetes bila masih pekat perlu diencerkan untuk memperoleh kadar gula yang optimum. Proses pemasakan dilakukan dalam tangki. Di setiap tangki masakan, ditambahkan air, urea, NPK, dan asam sulfat disertai pengadukan. Setelah itu, campuran dipindahkan ke tangki-tangki peragian.

Setelah proses pemasakan kemudian dilanjutkan dengan proses fermentasi. Proses fermentasi atau peragian dilakukan dengan bantuan yeast Szccharomyces Cereviceae. Reaksi yang terjadi adalah
C6H12O6 ----> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + energi
Ragi

Tahap akhir adalah proses penyulingan yang bertujuan untuk memisahkan suatu campuran yang terdiri dari 2 komponen atau lebih melalui pemanasan untuk mendapatkan alcohol, dalam keadaan lebih murni.

Converting Tool For Chemical Engineer

2007-08-19T15:27:00.000-07:00

Existing of converting tool for flow rate conversion will be very helpful for plant operation, especially when we need to convert it fast. Our desk won’t ever be full with many handbooks any more, just for converting a flow unit into another unit.

Software yang memberikan kemudahan untuk membantu merubah satuan-satuan yang sering ditemui dalam dunia Teknik Kimia. Untuk mendownload program ini silahkan klik disini

Including in this tools are flow rate unit in Standard International, British Unit and other common industrial units. For instance, you can find such unit as m3/h, lb/min, gal/min, liter/s and so on. I think this tool is helpful enough and it had better to bookmark it if you like to try it. There are also many unit converters tools.

Chemical Industry and Our Life

2007-08-18T15:49:00.000-07:00

The chemical industry is more diverse than virtually any other industry. Its product are omnipresent. Chemicals are the building blocks for products that meet our most fundamental needs far food, shelter, and helath, as well as products vital to the hight technology world of computing, telecomunications, and biotechnology. Chemical are keystone of world manufacturing, essential to the entire range of industries such as pharmaceutical, automobiles, textiles, furniture, paint, paper, electronics, agriculture, construction, apliance and services. It is difficult to fully enumurate the uses of chemical products and processes...A world without the chemical idustrywould lack modern medicine, transportation, comunications and consumer product. (Sanders, R.E.)

Chemical manufacturing dan petroleum refining telah mempermudah hidup kita. Kita hidup dikelilingi oleh hasil dari chemical manufacturing dan petroleum refining. Kita terbangun di pagi hari oleh jam alarm plastic yang selalu membangunkan kita dari kenikmatan tidur di atas dari kasur busa polyurethane dan berselimut yang terbuat dari polyester. Saat kita turun dari tempat tidur, kaki kita tersentuh oleh karpet nylon yang lembut. Kita berjalan untuk mematikan lampu phenolic. Ketika di kamar mandi, kita basuh muka dengan air segar hasil chemical sanitized dan menggunakan sabun yang juga produk chemical manufacturing.

Kita masuk ke dapur, membuka lemari es plastic yang didinginkan oleh bahan kimia fluorochlorohydrocarbon dan mengambil segelas orange juice hasil chemically fertilized jeruk. Banyak dari kita membaca koran di pagi hari, yang sering tidak kita sadari bahwa tinta dan kertasnya merupakan produk kimia. Atau kita lebih suka menonton televisi di pagi hari yang lagi-lagi sering tidak sadar bahwa komponen televisi dan radio merupakan produk industri kimia.

Kita memang sering tidak menyadari kita telah dikelilingi oleh barang-barang hasil industri kimia.

Handbook of Chemical Processing Equipment Ebook

2007-08-17T15:31:00.000-07:00

Handbook of Chemical Processing Equipment
Nicholas P. Cherernisinofi Ph. D.

The chemical industry represents a 455-billion-dollar-a-year business, withproducts ranging from cosmetics, to fuel products, to plastics, to pharmaceuticals,health care products, food additives, and many others. It is diverse and dynamic,with market sectors rapidly expanding, and in turmoil in many parts of the world.Across these varied industry sectors, basic unit operations and equipment areapplied on a daily basis, and indeed although there have been major technologicalinnovations to processes, many pieces of equipment are based upon a foundation ofengineering principles developed more than 50 years ago.

The Handbook of Chemical Processing Equipment has been written as a basicreference for process engineers. It provides practical information on the workingprinciples and engineering basis for major equipment commonly used throughoutthe chemical processing and allied industries. Although written largely with thechemical engineer in mind, the book's contents are general enough, with sufficientbackground and principles described, that other manufacturing and processengineers will find it useful.The handbook is organized into eight chapters. Chapters 1 through 3 deal with heattransfer equipment used in a variety of industry applications ranging from processheat exchange, to evaporative cooling, to drying and solvent recovery applications,humidity control, crystallization, and others.

Chapters 4 and 5 cover stagewisemass transfer equipment. Specifically, Chapter 4 covers distillation, and Chapter 5covers classical mass transfer equipment involving absorption, adsorption,extraction, and membrane technologies. Chapter 6 discusses equipment used inmass separation based upon physical or mechanical means. This includes suchequipment topics as sedimentation, centrifugal separation, filtrations methods.Chapter 7 covers mixing equipment and various continuous contacting devicessuch as gas-solids fluidized beds. Finally, Chapter 8 provides the reader with acompendium of short calculation methods for commonly encountered processoperations.

The calculation methods are readily set up on a personal computer'sstandard software spreadsheet.Select references are provided in each chapter for more in-depth coverage of anequipment subject, including key Web sites that offer vendor-specific informationand equipment selection criteria. In a number of chapters, sample calculations areprovided to guide the reader through the use of design and scale-up formulas thatare useful in preparing equipment specifications or in establishing preliminarydesigns.Although the author has taken great care to ensure that the information presented inthis volume is accurate, neither he nor the publisher will endorse or guarantee anydesigns based upon materials provided herein. The author wishes to thankButterworth-Heinemann Publishers for their fine production of this volume.

Untuk dowload ebook chemical engineering :

EBOOK Handbook of Chemical Processing Equipment

Cara download di rapidshare:
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Welcome to Chemical Engineering

2007-08-15T15:31:00.000-07:00

Bulan Agustus dan September adalah bulan yang bersejarah bagi sebagian "mantan" pelajar kita. Pada bulan-bulan tersebut status pelajar mereka akan beralih manjadi MAHASISWA. Selamat datang bagi anda yang dengan berani memilih jurusan Teknik Kimia (chemical Engineering) sebagai medan perang selama kurang lebih 4,5 tahun. Bagi anda yang masuk di Teknik Kimia PTN kami ucapkan selamat dan manfaatkan kesempatan dengan sebaik-baiknya. Dan yang diterima di Teknik Kimia PTS kami ucapkan selamat juga dan buktikan bahwa anda tidak kalah dengan mahasiswa di PTN.

Apapun alasan anda memilih jurusan Teknik Kimia (chemical Engineering) apakah karena disuruh orang tua, ikut kakak, ikut teman, ataupun pengen satu jurusan dengan pacar yang penting adalah mantapkan hati dan semangat dalam menempuh pendidikan.

Tips bagi anda yang akan memulai kuliah di jurusan Teknik Kimia (chemical Engineering) :

Berdoa, semoga ini adalah jurusan yang tepat bagi anda.

Pererat tali pertemanan sesama angkatan, karena teman bisa menjadi katalis di bangku kuliah.

Banyak kenalan dengan kakak angkatan, karena biasanya mereka memiliki rahasia dapur dari dosen-dosen, seperti contoh soal dan trik dalam menyelesaikan.

Ikut dalam organisasi Keluarga Mahasiswa Jurusan, karena ada kemungkinan anda dikenal dosen jika aktif di organisasi. Pepatah mengatakan "tak kenal maka tak sayang"

Belajar bahasa Inggris, jika anda lancar dalam bahasa inggris maka anda mempunyai modal yang berharga untuk belajar di Teknik Kimia. Bagi yang belum lancar, segera perbaiki kemampuan anda dengan kursus atau otodidak karena sebagian besar buku acuan yang digunakan menggunakan bahasa Inggris.

Sering-sering browsing di internet mencari artikel-artikel tentang Taknik Kimia seperti di website ini.

Ebook Teknik Kimia : MODELLING IN TRANSPORT PHENOMENA

2007-08-15T15:27:00.000-07:00

Chemical Engineering ebook

MODELLING IN TRANSPORT PHENOMENA
A Conceptual Approach

ISMAIL TOSUN

During their undergraduate education from chemical engineering, students take various courses on fluid flow, heat transfer, mass transfer, chemical reaction engineering and thermodynamics.Most of the students, however, are unable to understand the links between theconcepts covered in these courses and have difficulty in formulating equations,even of the simplest nature.
This is a typical example of not seeing the forest forthe trees.The pathway from the real problem to the mathematical problem has twostages: perception and formulation. The difliculties encountered in both of thesestages can be easily resolved if students recognize the forest first. Examination oftrees one by one comes at a later stage.In science and chemical engineering, the forest is represented by the basic concepts,i.e., conservation of chemical species, conservation of mass, conservation of momen-tum, and conservation of energy.

My main purpose in writing this chemical engineering textbook is to show students how to translatethe inventory rate equation into mathematical terms at both the macroscopic andmicroscopic levels. It is not my intention to exploit various numerical techniquesto solve the governing equations in momentum, energy and mass transport. Theemphasis is on obtaining the equation representing a physical phenomenon and itsinterpretation.I have been using the draft chapters of this text in my third year MathematicalModelling in Chemical Engineering course for the last two years. It is intended as anundergraduate textbook to be used in an (Introduction to) Transport Phenomenacourse in the junior year. This book can also be used in unit operations courses inconjunction with standard textbooks. Although it is written for students majoringin chemical engineering, it can also be used as a reference or supplementary textin environmental, mechanical, petroleum and civil engineering courses.

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http://rapidshare.de/files/20918838/TOSUN__I.__2002_._Modelling_in_Transport_Phenomena_-_A_Conceptual_Approach.rar

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ISO 9000 standard

2007-08-15T15:24:00.000-07:00

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies from 100 countries, one from each country. This council decided upon a set of industrial standards in 1947 and has been updating them ever since. Recently, ISO 9000 has become commonplace in the industrial world.
Mengapa perlu standard?Sebagai contoh adalah ketebalan dan ukuran kartu telepon seluler, jika tidak ada standarisasi kartu maka untuk penggunaan kartu harus menggunakan handphone tertentu saja. Jadi dibutuhkan standarisasi agar segala jenis kartu dapat digunakan pada semua jenis dan merek handphone.

Begitu juga dengan industri kimia membutuhkan standarisasi. Misal untuk produk methanol, kemurnian 99,5% adalah standarisasi methanol. Jadi jika pabrik anda akan memproduksi methanol maka produk yang dihasilkan harus dengan kemurnian 99,5%. Jika suatu pabrik methanol sudah mendapatkan sertifikat ISO 9000, maka dapat dijamin bahwa produk yang dihasilkan sudah memenuhi standar internasional. Jadi ISO 9000 merupakan kumpulan standar untuk sistem manajemen kualitas.

This 'offbeat' example should have made you think about the advantages of ISO 9000 and why so many customers are interested in it. It is a very complex system that is designed to help assure quality products, improve safety, reduce waste, reduce costs, and increase efficiency. If you remember anything about ISO9000, remember that last statement.

In order to become ISO 9000 certified, a company has to implement a standard way to documentation and operation. The procedure manuals for companies that are ISO 9000 certified should be formatted according to a specific outline.

Ebook Teknik Kimia : RULES OF THUMB FOR CHEMICAL ENGINEERS

2007-08-14T15:48:00.000-07:00

RULES OF THUMB FOR CHEMICAL ENGINEERS
A manual of quick, accurate solutions to everydayprocess engineering problems
Third Edition
Carl R. Branan, Editor

Ebook ini adalah salah satu buku yang sangat berguna bagi anda yang kuliah di jurusan teknik kimia ataupun yang sudah lulus. Berisi tentang aturan-aturan yang banyak ditemui dalam proses kimia. Bahkan mungkin ini merupakan salah satu buku wajib bagi chemical engineer.

Untuk download ebook ini :
http://rapidshare.de/files/20857774/BRANAN__C._R.__2002_._Rules_of_Thumb_for_Chemical_Engineers__3rd_ed._.rar

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Ebook Teknik Kimia - Chemical Engineering Solution For Volume 1

2007-08-14T15:46:00.000-07:00

Chemical Engineering Solution For Volume 1
Coulson & Richardson's

Ebook berbahasa inggris ini berisi tentang soal-soal dan penyelesaian yang banyak ditemui oleh mahasiswa teknik kimia. Ebook ini disusun dengan sangat baik, dimulai dari soal-soal dasar yaitu tentang unit dan dimensi kemudian berlanjut dengan tingkat kesulitan yang lebih tinggi.

Soal dan penyelesaian merupakan salah satu bentuk yang dapat digunakan untuk memahami suatu pelajaran. Sehingga mahasiswa dapat meningkatkan kemampuan dalam mempelajari suatu problem yang akan ditemui di bangku kuliah atau ketika sesudah bekerja berikut dengan cara penyelesaian dari masalah tersebut.

Dalam ebook ini terdiri dari banyak soal mulai dari unit dan dimensi, aliran fluida, perpindahan panas, perpindahan massa dan masih banyak lagi.

Untuk Download Ebook :
http://rapidshare.de/files/20906246/RICHARDSON__J._F.__2001_._Coulson___Richardson_s_Chemical_Engineering_Volume_4.rar

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Ebook Chemical Engineering- Kinetics of Catalytic Reactions

2007-08-14T15:43:00.000-07:00

Kinetics of Catalytic Reactions
Albert Vannice

The field of catalysis, especially heterogeneous catalysis, involves the utilization of knowledge from various disciplines, including chemical engineering, chemistry, physics, and materials science. After more than two decades of teaching a graduate course in catalysis, whose membership was comprised primarily of students from the above programs, and consulting with numerous industrial researchers, it became apparent to me that a book would be useful that focused on the proper acquisition, evaluation and reporting of rate data in addition to the derivation and verification of rate equations based on reaction models associated with both uniform and nonuniform surfaces. Such a book should familiarize and provide its reader with enough background information to feel comfortable in measuring and modeling heterogeneous catalytic reactions. For a single individual to attempt such an undertaking is almost a guarantee that some issues will be addressed less adequately than others; regardless, I hope that these latter topics will meetminimum standards! My goal is a text that will be self-contained and will provide a convenience for the practitioner in catalysis.

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http://rapidshare.de/files/31628261/0387246495.rar

Chemical Engineering

2007-08-11T04:38:00.000-07:00

Chemical engineering is the branch of engineering that deals with the application of physical science (e.g. chemistry and physics), with mathematics, to the process of converting raw materials or chemicals into more useful or valuable forms. As well as producing useful materials, chemical engineering is also concerned with pioneering valuable new materials and techniques; an important form of research and development. A person employed in this field is called a chemical engineer.

Chemical engineering largely involves the design and maintenance of chemical processes for large-scale manufacture. Chemical engineers in this branch are usually employed under the title of process engineer. The development of the large-scale processes characteristic of industrialized economies is a feat of chemical engineering, not chemistry. Indeed, chemical engineers are responsible for the availability of the modern high-quality materials that are essential for running an industrial economy.